Morphological aspects of spermatogenic cells at different stagesof sexual maturation in black isogenic C57BL/6/Uni mice / Aspectos morfológicos de células de la espermatogénesis en diferentes etapas de maduración sexual del ratón negro isogénico C57BL/6/Uni

In order to study the morphological changes that occur in cells of the testes of isogenic black mouse C57BL/6/Uni into three periods during spermatogenetic used 15 mice divided into 3 groups of 5 animals with 40, 50 and 60 days of age. The mice were sacrificed and weighed. Testicles were weighed and measured, and histologically processed and stained with HE, PAS and Masson Massom-H and evaluated under light microscopy. It was observed that group I with 40 days of age in the seminiferous tubules had a lumen with sparse small amount of interstitial tubular cells. In the seminiferous epithelium type A spermatogonia, intermediate and B were identified, which occupied the compartment adbasal and intermingled with these cells in spermatocytes I in Pachytene and leptotene was observed, whereas in the adluminal compartment Golgi phase spermatids we observed the presence of acrosomal granule. In group II, the cells of the seminiferous epithelium were developed and it was observed in round spermatids cephalic hood phase plus many elongated spermatids in acrosome phase and Sertoli cells. In group III, 60 days old, it was found that seminiferous epithelium which was of the tubules had elongated spermatids in acrosome phase and maturation, with elongated nuclei and acrosomal system typical of spermiation in the presence of sperm and residual bodies near the tubular lumen. Therefore morphological evolution of germ cell testicular spermatids can be checked and recognized in its four phases: golgi, cap, acrosome and maturation over the age of the animal.

Con el fin de estudiar los cambios morfológicos que ocurren en las células de los testículos del ratón negro isogénico C57BL/6/Uni en tres períodos durante el proceso espermatogenético, se utilizaron 15 ratones divididos en 3 grupos de 5 animales con 40, 50 y 60 días de edad. Los ratones fueron sacrificados y pesados. Luego se pesaron y midieron los testículos, para ser finalmete procesados histológicamente y teñidos con HE, PAS y tricrómico Massom-H y evaluados bajo microscopía de luz. Se observó en el grupo I con 40 días de edad que los túbulos seminíferos tenían un lumen pequeño con escaza cantidad de células tubulares intersticiales. En el epitelio seminífero se identificaron espermatogonias tipo A, intermedio y B, que ocuparon el compartimiento adbasal y entremezcladas con estas células, se observó los espermatocitos I en paquiteno y leptoteno, mientras que en el compartimiento adluminal se observaron espermátidas de fase Golgi en presencia de gránulos acrosomales. En el grupo II, las células del epitelio seminífero se desarrollaron y fue posible observar espermátidas redondas en fase de capuz cefálico además de numerosas espermátidas elongadas en fase acrosómica y células sustentaculares. En el grupo III, de 60 días de edad, se encontró que el epitelio seminífero que revestía los túbulos presentaban espermátidas alargadas en fase acrosómica y de maduración, con sus núcleos alargados y el sistema acrosomal típico de la espermiación, con la presencia de espermatozoides y cuerpos residuales cerca del lumen tubular. Así, se puede comprobar con el paso de la edad del animal, la evolución morfológica de las células germinativas testiculares y reconocer las espermátidas en sus cuatro fases: golgi, capuchón, acrosomal y de maduración.

Morphological aspects of spermatogenic cells at different stages of sexual maturation in black isogenic C57BL/6/Uni Mice / Aspectos morfológicos de las células de la espermatogénesis en diferentesetapas de maduración sexual del ratón negro C57BL/6/Uni

In order to study the morphological changes that occur in cells of the testes of isogenic black mouse C57BL/6/Uni into three periods during spermatogenetic used 15 mice divided into 3 groups of 5 animals with 40, 50 and 60 days of age. The mice were sacrificed and weighed. Then weighed and measured the testicles, to be processed finalmete histologically and stained with HE, PAS and Masson Massom-H and evaluated under light microscopy. Was observed in group I with 40 days of age in the seminiferous tubules had a lumen with sparse small amount of interstitial tubular cells. In the seminiferous epithelium were identified type A spermatogonia, intermediate and B, which occupied the compartment adbasal and intermingled with these cells was observed in spermatocytes I in Pachytene and leptotene, whereas in the adluminal compartment Golgi phase spermatids observed in the presence of acrosomal granule. In group II, the cells of the seminiferous epithelium were developed and it was observed in round spermatids cephalic hood phase plus many elongated spermatids in acrosome phase and Sertoli cells. In Group III, 60 days old, it was found that the seminiferous epithelium which was of the tubules had elongated spermatids in acrosome phase and maturation, with elongated nuclei and acrosomal system typical of spermiation in the presence of sperm and residual bodies near the tubular lumen. So you can check the morphological evolution of germ cell testicular spermatids and recognize its four phases: Golgi, cap, acrosome and maturation over the age of the animal.

Con el fin de estudiar los cambios morfológicos que ocurren en las células del testículo del ratón negro isogénico C57BL/6/Uni en tres períodos diferentes del proceso espermatogenético; fueron utilizados 15 ratones divididos en 3 grupos (n=5) con 40, 50 y 60 días de edad respectivamente. Todos los animales fueron sacrificados y pesados. Posteriormente sus testículos se pesaron, midieron y procesaron histológicamente para HE, PAS y tricrómico Massom-H. Las muestras obtenidas fueron evaluados con microscopía de luz. En el grupo I con 40 días se observaron túbulos seminíferos con un lúmen pequeño y escaza cantidad de células intersticiales. En el epitelio seminífero se identificaron espermatogonias tipo A, intermedio y B, quienes ocuparon el compartimiento basal entremezclándose con espermatocitos I en paquiteno y leptoteno. En el compartimiento adluminal se observaron espermatidas de fase Golgi y presencia de gránulos acrosomales. En el grupo II de 50 días, se observaron células del epitelio seminífero desarrolladas, espermatidas en fase de capuz cefálico, muchas espermatidas elongadas en fase acrosomica y células sustentaculares. En el Grupo III de 60 días se observó el epitelio del túbulo seminífero con espermátidas alargadas en fase acrosómica y de maduración, con núcleos alargados y un sistema acrosomal típico de la espermiación, con presencia de espermatozoides y cuerpos residuales cerca del lúmen tubular. En conclusión se observa la evolución morfológica de las células germinativas testiculares y se reconocen las espermatides en sus cuatro fases: Golgi, capuchón, acrosomal y de maduración en las diferentes edades del animal.

Determinação in vitro do potencial antimicrobiano de preparações caseiras de plantas medicinais utilizadas para o tratamento de doenças infecciosas / In vitro determination of the antimicrobial potential of homemade preparations based on medicinal plants used to treat infectious diseases

The majority of the population in developing countries uses plants or plant preparations in their basic health care. Many plant species used nowadays in folk medicine have been proved to have antimicrobial properties. However, several factors, such as incorrect preparation of the plants, can interfere with the effectiveness of the treatment. The purpose of this study was to assess the use of homemade preparations of medicinal plants in the treatment of infectious diseases, by in vitro determination of their antimicrobial potential. Based on recipes elicited by questionnaires that were previously applied to a participant population, the samples were prepared in a similar manner and analyzed by the agar diffusion method. Members of 41 families, whose children attend a center of education that serves several needy communities in the city of Fortaleza (Ceará, Brazil), were interviewed; of these, 97.6% said they had used herbal therapy as a means to treat infectious diseases. In replies to a total of 39 questionnaires, 97 different homemade preparations of medicinal plants were cited. Out of 45 samples subjected to an in vitro assessment of antimicrobial activity, 25 (55.6%) had some inhibitory effect on the growth of at least one of the microorganisms used. Most of the plants with known antimicrobial properties and cited by respondents showed variations in their in vitro activity, according to the manner in which they were prepared.

Grande parte da população de países em desenvolvimento utiliza plantas ou preparações vegetais nos cuidados básicos à saúde. Muitas das espécies vegetais utilizadas na medicina popular apresentam propriedades antimicrobianas comprovadas; no entanto, diversos fatores, como a metodologia incorreta de preparo, podem interferir na eficácia do tratamento. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a utilização de preparações caseiras de plantas medicinais para o tratamento de doenças infecciosas através da determinação in vitro do potencial antimicrobiano. A partir de informações contidas em questionários que foram previamente aplicados à população participante, as amostras foram preparadas de forma semelhante e analisadas através do método de difusão em ágar. Foram entrevistadas 41 famílias, das quais 97,6% afirmaram utilizar as plantas medicinais como opção terapêutica no tratamento de doenças. Em um total de 39 questionários, foram citadas 97 diferentes preparações caseiras de plantas. Das 45 amostras (indicadas para tratar algum sinal ou sintoma que podem estar relacionado a um quadro infeccioso) submetidas à avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana in vitro, 55,6% (25 amostras) apresentaram atividade inibitória sobre o crescimento de pelo menos um dos microrganismos utilizados. A maioria das plantas com propriedade antimicrobiana conhecida e que foram citadas pelos entrevistados apresentaram variações na sua atividade in vitro de acordo com o modo como foram preparadas.

Follow-up of the development of femoral degeneration lesions in broilers / Seguimiento del desarrollo de lesiones por degeneración en pollos de engorde

A study was carried out in the experimental facilities of FMVZ/UNESP-Botucatu, with the aim of following-up the development and the incidence of femoral degeneration (FD). A total of 305 one-day-old male broilers were housed in six pens of 5m² each. Histological analyses of femur head collected when broilers were 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days of age were carried out. At 42 days of age, 30 birds were taken to the experimental processing plant of FMVZ for leg gross examination. Ten legs per FD score where selected, and histologically analyzed to determine the most probable age at the beginning of the lesions, and to standardize femoral degeneration lesion scores. The histological results showed that cell architecture started to disorganize at 21 days of age in the resting and proliferation zones, and that angiogenesis increased, invading the joint cartilage, The gross lesion indexes due to femoral degeneration were 22.5 percent, 42.5%, and 65% at 28, 35, and 42 days of age, respectively.

Se realizó un estudio en las instalaciones experimentales de FMVZ/UNESP-Botucatu, con el objetivo de seguir el desarrollo y la incidencia de degeneración femoral (DF) en pollos. Se utilizaron 305 polluelos de un día, machos, distribuidos en seis corrales de 5m² cada uno. Se analizaron cortes histológicos de cabezas de fémur recolectadas a los 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 y 42 días de edad. A los 40 días de edad, se llevaron 30 aves al Matadero Experimental de FMVZ, para análisis macroscópico de las piernas. Se escogieron 10 muslos por escore de DF, y se analizaron histológicamente para determinar la edad más probable del inicio de la lesión y estandarizar los escores de lesión por degeneración femoral. Los resultados histológicos indicaron que a los 21 días ocurre el inicio de la desorganización celular en la zona de reposo y de proliferación, además del aumento de la angiogénesis, invadiendo el cartílago articular. Microscópicamente, el índice de lesión por degeneración femoral fue del 22.5 por ciento, 42.5% y 65% a los 28, 35 y 42 días de edad, respectivamente.

Femur mineral density of broilers with femoral degeneration fed high nutritional density diets / Densidad mineral del fémur de pollos de engorde con degeneración femoral alimentados con dietas de alta densidad nutricional

A study was carried out in the experimental facilities of FMVZ/UNESP-Botucatu, with the aim of following-up the development and the incidence of femoral degeneration (FD). A total of 305 one-day-old male broilers were housed in six pens of 5m² each. A completely randomized experimental design, with 3 treatments (T1traditional nutritional density diet; T2high nutritional density diet) of 3 replicates each was applied. Femoral head of the broilers were submitted to gross examination at 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days of aged. At 42 days of age, 60 birds (30 per treatment) were submitted to the Veterinary Hospital of FMVZ to determine bone mineral density by radiography. Birds were then sacrificed for gross examination of the legs, and FD scoring. Five legs per treatment within each FD score were submitted to computed tomography for femur head integrity and bone mineral density. Treatments did not influence FD incidence, and the first gross FD lesions appeared when birds were 28 days old. It was concluded that radiographic optical densitometry and computed tomography are efficient methods to evaluate femoral degeneration, and both techniques expressed the same profile. In addition, using radiographic optical densitometry and computed tomography, these results also allowed us to establish bone mineral density value ranges within each gross FD score. These finding may provide an excellent non-invasive tool to describe femoral degeneration.

Se realizó un estudio en las instalaciones experimentales de FMVZ/UNESP-Botucatu, con el objetivo de seguir el desarrollo y la incidencia de degeneración femoral en pollos. Se utilizaron 305 polluelos de un día, machos, distribuidos en seis corrales de 5m² cada uno. Se adoptó un delineamiento experimental totalmente al azar, con dos tratamientos de 3 repeticiones cada uno. Se alimentaron las aves del T1 con dietas con densidad nutricional convencional, mientras el T2 consistió de una dieta con alta densidad nutricional. Se realizaron análisis macroscópicos de la cabeza del fémur de aves de 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 y 42 días de edad. A los 42 días de edad, se llevaron 60 aves (30 por tratamiento) al Hospital Veterinario de FMVZ, para hacer radiografías para el análisis de la densidad mineral ósea. Posteriormente, se sacrificaron los pollos para el análisis macroscópico de las piernas y se atribuyeron puntajes para DF. Se seleccionaron cinco muslos por tratamiento dentro de cada puntaje de DF, que fueron sometidas a tomografía para evaluación de la integridad y de la densidad ósea de la cabeza del fémur. Los tratamientos no tuvieron influencia en la incidencia de DF, y a partir de los 28 días de vida, las aves presentaron lesiones macroscópicas. Se estableció que la densitometría ósea y la tomografía son métodos eficaces para evaluar la DF, además que ambos expresan el mismo perfil. Por otra parte, se encontraron intervalos de valores para densidad mineral ósea obtenida por densitometría óptica radiográfica y por tomografía en función de los puntajes macroscópicos de DF. Esos hallazgos son una importante herramienta no invasiva para la caracterización de degeneración femoral.

Behavioral deficits in sepsis-surviving rats induced by cecal ligation and perforation

Sepsis and its complications are the leading causes of mortality in intensive care units, accounting for 10-50 percent of deaths. Intensive care unit survivors present long-term cognitive impairment, including alterations in memory, attention, concentration, and/or global loss of cognitive function. In the present study, we investigated behavioral alterations in sepsis-surviving rats. One hundred and ten male Wistar rats (3-4 months, 250-300 g) were submitted to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), and 44 were submitted to sham operation. Forty-four rats (40 percent) survived after CLP, and all sham-operated animals survived and were used as control. Twenty animals of each group were used in the object recognition task (10 in short-term memory and 10 in long-term memory), 12 in the plus-maze test and 12 in the forced swimming test. Ten days after surgery, the animals were submitted individually to an object recognition task, plus-maze and forced swimming tests. A significant impairment of short- and long-term recognition memory was observed in the sepsis group (recognition index 0.75 vs 0.55 and 0.74 vs 0.51 for short- and long-term memory, respectively (P < 0.05). In the elevated plus-maze test no difference was observed between groups in any of the parameters assessed. In addition, sepsis survivors presented an increase in immobility time in the forced swimming test (180 vs 233 s, P < 0.05), suggesting the presence of depressive-like symptoms in these animals after recovery from sepsis. The present results demonstrated that rats surviving exposure to CLP, a classical sepsis model, presented recognition memory impairment and depressive-like symptoms but not anxiety-like behavior.

Differential role of entorhinal and hippocampal nerve growth factor in short- and long-term memory modulation

We studied the effects of infusion of nerve growth factor (NGF) into the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex of male Wistar rats (250-300 g, N = 11-13 per group) on inhibitory avoidance retention. In order to evaluate the modulation of entorhinal and hippocampal NGF in short- and long-term memory, animals were implanted with cannulae in the CA1 area of the dorsal hippocampus or entorhinal cortex and trained in one-trial step-down inhibitory avoidance (foot shock, 0.4 mA). Retention tests were carried out 1.5 h or 24 h after training to measure short- and long-term memory, respectively. Immediately after training, rats received 5 æl NGF (0.05, 0.5 or 5.0 ng) or saline per side into the CA1 area and entorhinal cortex. The correct position of the cannulae was confirmed by histological analysis. The highest dose of NGF (5.0 ng) into the hippocampus blocked short-term memory (P < 0.05), whereas the doses of 0.5 (P < 0.05) and 5.0 ng (P < 0.01) NGF enhanced long-term memory. NGF administration into the entorhinal cortex improved long-term memory at the dose of 5.0 ng (P < 0.05) and did not alter short-term memory. Taken as a whole, our results suggest a differential modulation by entorhinal and hippocampal NGF of short- and long-term memory.

Estudo multicêntrico comparando a eficácia e tolerância da isotretinoina gel 0,05 por cento e tretinoina creme 0, 005 por cento no tratamento da acne vulgar / A multicenter trial comparing the efficacy and tolerance of isotretinoin gel 0, 05 por cento and tretinoin cream 0, 05 por cento in the treatment of acne vulgaris

A isotretinoina tópica tem se mostrado efetiva no tratamento de formas leves e moderadas da acne vulgar. Objetivo da investigaçäo: Comparar a eficácia e tolerância da isotretinoina gel 0, 05 por cento com a tretinoina creme 0, 05 por cento no tratamento de formas leves e moderadas da acne vulgar.Método: Foram tratados 28 pacientes com acne vulgar de ambos os sexos, idade de 13 a 30 anos, com 15 a 100 lesöes inflamatórias e näo inflamatórias na face e nao mais que três lesöes nódulo-cisticas. Os pacientes foram distribuidos aleatoriamente em dois grupos, cada paciente fazendo uma aplicaçäo diária de isotretinoína gel 0, 05 por cento ou tretinoína creme 0, 05 por cento em toda face por dose semanas. A eficácia foi determinada objetivamente pelo decréscimo no número de lesöes e avaliada subjetivamente no final do tratamento pelos investigadores e pacientes. A tolerância foi avaliada durante o tratamento pelo aparecimento de ardor, prurido, descamaçäo, secura e eritema. No final do tratamento investigadores e pacientes avaliaram globalmente a tolerância. Resultado: Observou-se decrécimo de número de lesöes inflamatórias e näo-inflamatórias, nos dois grupos, sem diferença estatisticamente significante. Assim, isotretinoína gel 0, 05 por cento e tretinoína creme 0, 05 por cento mostraram açäo terapêutica similar. Em relaçäo a tolerância, verificou-se melhor tolerância à isotretinoína, com menor frequência de reaçöes adversas, estatisticamente significante, em comparaçäo a tretinoína. Conclusäo: Isotretinoína gel 0, 05 por cento tem açäo terapêutica similar à tretinoína creme 0, 05 por cento, porém é melhor tolerada

Morphological and histophysiological characteristics of the testis of the black isogenic mouse (Mus musculus)

O ciclo do epitélio seminífero (CES) do camundongo negro isogênico (c.i.) foi definido ao nível de microscopia óptica, com a caracterizaçäo de 12 estágios para o ciclo e 17 etapas para a espermiogênese. Os critérios da análise morfológica utilizados para o estudo se basearam: (1) nos tipos de cromatina nuclear presentes nas células espermáticas; (2) na posiçäo relativa a interrelaçäo das células germinativas no epitélio seminífero, em vários túbulos estudados; (3) nas relaçöes entre os diferentes tipos celulares ao longo do ciclo e, (4) nas fases e etapas de diferenciaçäo das espermátides, durante o processo espermiogenético. Ademais, alguns parâmetros morfológicos foram analisados: pesos testiculares e diâmetros tubulares seminíferos, ao longo de um ano, para estabelecer a presença de um possível ciclo testicular anual. Nós concluímos que o CES no c.i. é um processo contínuo e näo interrompido ao longo do ano